Larval migrans has been seen in dogs, pigs, rabbits, lambs, cattle, nonhuman primates, domestic and wild. Cutaneous larva migrans is one of the most common skin diseases reported in travelers returning from tropical regions. Migrans creeping eruption is a cutaneous cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin to infective filariform filariform larvae. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a clinical syndrome consisting of an erythematous migrating linear or serpiginous cutaneous track. There are two major forms of toxocariasis, visceral toxocariasis vt, also called visceral larva migrans vlm, and ocular toxocariasis ot, also called ocular larva migrans olm. The cdc defines clm as a parasitic skin disease caused by a hookworm larvae that usually infects. When the worms migrate through the skin of the host, it is called cutaneous skin larva migrans. Subsequently, the term larva migrans was linked to the ancylostoma sp. If you do not see its contents the file may be temporarily unavailable at the journal website or you do not have a pdf plugin installed and enabled in your browser. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by the larvae of animal hookworms, of which ancylostoma braziliense is the species most frequently found in humans 2, 3. A number of cases of larva migrans have been reported as occur ring in various countries, particularly in russia, in which the disease is most common. Animal hookworms are the most common cause of cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
Cutaneous larva migrans manifests as an erythematous, serpiginous, pruritic, cutaneous eruption caused by accidental percutaneous penetration and subsequent migration of larvae of various nematode parasites. Hookworm ova in dog or cat feces develop into infective larvae when left in warm moist ground or. Cutaneous larva migrans is distinguished from the cutaneous manifestation of strongyloides. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the skin manifestation of hookworm infestation. Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic skin eruption caused by migration of larvae of various nematodes.
When animals defecate on soil or sand the hookworm eggs pass out with the faeces onto. Cutaneous larva migrans is a hookworm infection transmitted from warm, moist soil or sand to exposed skin. Since then, the migrating larvae of toxocara canis have been found in various organs commonly in lung and liver. Creeping eruption, as it is also called, was described by lee in 1874.
Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans clinical infectious. Blaum and omura june 11 issue1 report that they treated a case of cutaneous larva migrans with topical liquidnitrogen cryotherapy. Cutaneous larva migrans is acquired by skin contact with hookworm larvae in the soil. Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans oxford academic. Larvae cannot complete their normal development into adults. The treatment of choice is ivermectin by mouth, given in a single. These nematodes can infect but not mature in humans and after migrating through the intestinal wall. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Cutaneous larva migrans declares itself by distribution. Cutaneous larva migrans abbreviated clm is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites of the hookworm family ancylostomatidae. An indigenous case of cutaneous larva migrans american. Ivermectin is effective but not approved for this indication.
Cutaneous larva migrans clm was first described as the creeping eruption and diagnosed by a physician in 1874. Visceral larva migrans and the hypereosinophilia syndrome. Hookworm ova in dog or cat feces develop into infective larvae when left in warm moist ground or sand. Case studies in international travelers american family. When bare skin touches the ground, for example, when a person walks barefoot or sunbathes, the hookworm gets into. However, most patients want to be treated because of the extreme itch and common secondary infections. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the most com mon tropically acquired dermatosis. Confirmed zoonotic species include the dog roundworm t.
It is not known whether other closelyrelated toxocara species can infect humans e. Cutaneous larva migrans with parts of the larva in the epidermis. Larva migrans is a group of clinical syndromes that result from the movement of parasite larvae. The most common type of hookworm that causes clm is called ancylostoma braziliense which usually infects dogs. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Vlm is caused by roundworms parasites that are found in the intestines of dogs and cats. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the most fre quent travelassociated skin disease of tropical. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. It most frequently occurs as a result of human infection with the larvae of the dog or cat hookworms. Cutaneous larva migrans is a skin condition in which the larvae of some hookworm species migrate within the skin to produce an intensely pruritic, serpiginous or.
Occurs in most warm humid tropical and subtropical areas eg eg south usa along the coasts, coasts of west, south and east africa, southeast. These hookworms generally live in the intestines of domestic pets such as dogs and cats and shed their eggs via feces to soil usually sandy areas of beaches or under houses. It is caused by hookworm larvae, which are in the feces of infected dogs. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a dermatitis caused by the invasion and migration of larva of parasites in the skin. How you can recognize and treat bug infestations in children among hookworms, ancylostoma braziliense is regarded as the most. Several different worm species can be involved and migration occurs in one of three forms. Humans and a wide range of animal species can be affected by this disease. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 10m, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a pruritic dermatitis caused by migration of the animal hookworm larvae into the epidermis.
Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis whose earliest description dates back more than 100 years. This entity is also known by various other names such as creeping eruption, sand worm, plumbers itch, duck hunters itch and epidermatitis linearis migrans. These parasites live in the intestines of dogs, cats, and wild animals and should not be confused with other members of the hookworm family for which humans are definitive hosts, namely ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus. Cutaneous larva migrans dermatologic disorders msd. Cutaneous larva migrans is a condition that occurs when dog or cat hookworm larvae migrate through the skin. Today, it is one of the most common helminth hookworm infections acquired from subtropical and tropical regions of the world. A case of cutaneous larva migrans international journal of. In cutaneous larva migrans clm, the life cycle of the parasites begins when eggs are passed from animal feces into warm, moist, sandy soil, where the larvae hatch. The syndromes vlm and olm can be caused by infection with the migrating larvae of other kinds of parasites which cause symptoms similar to those caused by. Cutaneous larva migrans, or clm, is a parasitic skin infection. The infection is characterized by the development of itchy papules followed by serpiginous or linear streaks. It is one of the most frequent cutaneous infestations in warm countries latin america, the caribbean, africa, southeast asia and southwestern united states 4.
Clm is caused by ancylostoma sp, most commonly dog or cat hookworm ancylostoma braziliense. Cutaneous larva migrans chapter 4 2020 yellow book. This is most commonly transmitted by animal feces depositing eggs in the soil, with larvae entering humans through direct contact with skin. Journal of travel medicine, volume 14, issue 5, 2007, 326333. Visceral larva migrans vlm is a human infection with certain parasites found in the intestines of dogs and cats. These larvae usually have their origin from nematodes and rarely from insects. Extensive studies of this disease have been made, notably by soko low,14 samson. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by infection of the larvae stage of the dog or cat hookworm. Diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans is currently based on the clinical signs of the creeping eruption. Sometimes the worm larvae may invade the eye of the host. They initially feed on soil bacteria and molt twice before the infective third stage.
Cutaneous larva migrans migrans creeping eruption is a cutaneous cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin to infective filariform filariform larvae of nonhuman hookworms and strongyloides. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. Larva migrans describes a parasitic disease involving migration of immature larval worms in various parts of the body. It is transmitted when a human comes in contact with shaded ground in warmer climates that has been contaminated with dog or cat feces. Thus, the geographical distribution of cutaneous larva migrans follows the southeast coast. Larva migrans article about larva migrans by the free. Larva migrans migration of larvae of nematodes in unsuitable hosts.
According to lee, it is common among arabian children, whose mothers burn the part with a hot wire. Cutaneous larva migrans clm was first described by lee in 1874 as a creeping eruption. The physician recognized the serpiginous pattern of cutaneous larva migrans clm and successfully treated the child with oral ivermectin. Cutaneous larva migrans north dakota department of health.
Cutaneous larva migrans dermatologic disorders merck. The migration produces a raised, red, twisting serpiginous pattern on the skin. You may also see it referred to as creeping eruption or larva migrans. Cutaneous larva migrans clm, also having been termed for the clinical sign of creeping eruption, is an infectious syndrome caused by multiple types of hookworms. We present a case of clm in a 31yearold pregnant woman. Nematodes causing such zoonotic infections are baylisascaris procyonis, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, and ascaris suum. This treatise on baylisascaris larva migrans highlights the recent emergence of a zoonotic disease that over the past 35 years has evolved and progressed as both an animal and human disease. Symptomatic treatment for frequent severe itching may be helpful.
Like many new zoonotic diseases in humans in recent years, the emergence of baylisascariasis is. Eggs produced by these worms are in the feces of the infected animals. Visceral larva migrans vlm is a condition in humans caused by the migratory larvae of certain nematodes, humans being a deadend host, and was first reported in 1952. Cutaneous larva migrans pictures, symptoms, diagnosis. Creeping eruption is usually caused by hook worms, most commonly ancylostoma braziliensis and ancylostoma caninum.
The child had played on beaches that were frequented by local dogs. Larva migrans definition of larva migrans by medical. Clm is caused by hookworm larvae that usually infect cats, dogs and other animals. Toxocariasis in humans is caused by infection with larvae of toxocara spp. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 874k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Cutaneous larva migrans is a type of dermatitis that occurs in people who have traveled to tropical and subtropical geographical areas. Cutaneous larva migrans skin disorders merck manuals. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a skin condition thats caused by several species of parasite. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by ancylostoma, a hookworm that normally inhabits the intestines of dogs and cats. Larva migrans cutanea pdf even though cutaneous larva migrans clm is selflimited, the intense pruritus and risk for infection mandate treatment. However, because more and more people travel in different areas on the globe, the infection is no longer confined to these areas. The eggs of the parasite are in dog and cat feces and develop into larvae when left in warm, moist soil or sand.